Effects of climate change on fauna and flora

Dear friends, imagine you are walking in a forest. The sun filters through the leaves, the birds sing, and the scent of damp earth fills the air. This is an experience that we take for granted but which could change profoundly due to a phenomenon we hear more and more about: climate change.

Now, I don’t want to alarm you, but it is important to understand how this phenomenon, largely caused by man, is already changing the delicate balance of nature. And it does so in a subtle, almost imperceptible way, like the flap of a butterfly’s wings that can trigger a storm on the other side of the world. Just as is happening these days in California, where, as reported by the New York Times, torrential rains, amplified by climate change, are causing landslides and devastating floods, putting the lives of thousands of people at risk.

The Earth is a complex system where every element is connected to the others. An increase in average temperature, even by a few degrees, can have cascading consequences on plants and animals. Think of flowers that bloom early, confusing bees, or migratory birds that arrive at their destination when their prey has already disappeared. A recent study published in Nature Climate Change has shown that rising temperatures are altering the migration times of many bird species, with negative consequences on their reproduction and survival.

And it’s not just a matter of temperatures. The rains become more intense and irregular, causing floods and droughts. Glaciers are melting; sea levels are rising, threatening coasts and marine ecosystems. According to a report from the World Meteorological Organization, 2023 was one of the hottest years on record, with record temperatures in several parts of the world, and 2024 promises to be equally critical.

But how do species react to these changes? Some try to adapt, migrating to cooler areas and and changing their habits. Others, unfortunately, don’t make it. Think of corals, which suffer from ocean acidification and bleaching. Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, as documented by the BBC, has undergone unprecedented mass bleaching events in recent years, putting the survival of this unique ecosystem at risk.

A recent study analyzed the movements of thousands of species and found that many move north or to higher altitudes, “chasing” their accustomed climate. But not everyone can keep up. This can lead to ecological imbalances, with new competition between species and even extinctions. The Guardian recently reported the disappearance of a species of Australian rodent, Melomys rubicola, the first mammal to become extinct due to climate change.

Have you ever heard of “co-extinction”? It is a dramatic phenomenon: when a species disappears, it can drag other species that depend on it, like in a domino. This can have consequences on us, too, because nature provides us with essential services: clean water, the air we breathe, and the food we eat. According to a report by the World Economic Forum, biodiversity loss represents a growing threat to the global economy, with significant impacts on sectors such as agriculture, fishing, and tourism.

But I don’t want to leave you feeling helpless. Faced with this challenge, we can do a lot. First of all, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by changing our lifestyle, using renewable energy, and consuming less and better. The recently held the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP29) in Dubai saw several nations pledge to step up efforts to reduce emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy.

Protect ecosystems, create protected areas, and restore forests and wetlands. Nature has an extraordinary ability to regenerate itself if we give it the chance. National Geographic recently published an article illustrating how the restoration of mangrove forests in Indonesia is helping to protect coastlines from erosion and provide habitat for numerous marine species.

There are “nature-based” solutions, such as reforestation, that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere protect biodiversity, and regulate the climate.

And let’s not forget the indigenous communities, who have lived in harmony with nature for millennia and possess precious knowledge for its protection. An article published in Science highlighted how the traditional natural resource management practices of the Amazon’s indigenous populations are helping preserve biodiversity and mitigate the effects of climate change.

In short, dear friends, climate change is an epochal challenge, but we must not lose hope. Each of us can make a difference with our own choices and commitments.

Let’s remember that we are part of nature, not something separate. The future of the planet depends on us, too.

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