Introduction Brown algae, scientifically known as Phaeophyceae, is a large group of multicellular algae that include many seaweeds found in colder waters in the Northern Hemisphere. With over 1,500 species, they form one of the most diverse groups of algae…
Introduction Algae, plural for “alga”, is a diverse range of photosynthetic organisms that inhabit a multitude of environments, from the sea depths to freshwater bodies, even dwelling in soil, rocks, and ice. Although often considered primitive plants, algae lack the…
Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a reduced amount or complete absence of melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes or in the eyes alone. This condition is associated with a number of vision abnormalities and is caused…
Introduction Aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays an essential role in maintaining sodium and potassium balance in the body. This steroid hormone is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a vital hormonal cascade involved in blood pressure…
Introduction Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones, with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH. This enzyme family plays a critical role in the metabolism…
Introduction Agar-agar, commonly known as agar, is a gelatinous substance derived from red algae (Rhodophyceae) initially discovered in Japan in the 17th century (Armisen & Galatas, 1987). It has since gained wide application in scientific research and culinary practices due…
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic substances produced by certain molds, specifically Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These toxins present serious health risks to both humans and animals and are a significant concern in agriculture and food safety. This article provides an…
Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, is gaining attention in the fields of endocrinology and cardiology due to its crucial role in several physiologic and pathologic processes. Herein, we will delve into what adiponectin is, its functions, its role in diseases,…
Introduction Adipocytes, also known as fat cells, play a crucial role in energy homeostasis and metabolic function in the human body. They are largely categorized into two types – white adipocytes and brown adipocytes, each with its unique functions and…
Introduction Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), often referred to as the ‘energetic currency of life’, is a critical organic molecule present in all forms of life. This molecule plays a vital role in various biological processes, such as chemical synthesis, mechanical work,…